This R21 funding opportunity encourages projects that test, in animals and/or humans, whether modifying electrophysiological patterns can improve cognitive, affective, or social processing. This R21 has a companion R01 (TEMP-10327). The proximal goal of this FOA (and its companion R01) is to encourage investigators to test whether modifying specific patterns of coordinated neural activity in vivo can improve cognitive, social, or affective processes. These studies should be based on a rational understanding of the role of specific neural activity rhythms in, for example, the routing of information among brain regions or in improving the ability of afferent information to affect local processing via coherence of underlying oscillatory activity.