This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a continuation of the NCI Mentored Research Scientist Development Award to Promote Diversity (K01) to enhance the diversity of thought in the NCI-funded cancer research workforce by supporting eligible individuals from diverse backgrounds, including groups that have been shown to be nationally underrepresented in the biomedical, behavioral, social and clinical sciences. This FOA provides salary and research support for a sustained period of "protected time" for intensive research career development under the guidance of an experienced mentor. This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is designed specifically for applicants proposing to serve as the lead investigator of an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or a separate ancillary study to an existing trial, as part of their research and career development. Applicants not planning an independent clinical trial, or proposing to gain research experience in a clinical trial led by another investigator, must apply to the companion FOA