This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is a continuation of the NCI Mentored Research Scientist Development Award to Promote Diversity (K01) to enhance the diversity of thought in the NCI-funded cancer research workforce by supporting eligible individuals from diverse backgrounds, including groups that have been shown to be nationally underrepresented in the biomedical, behavioral, social and clinical sciences. This FOA provides salary and research support for a sustained period of "protected time" for intensive research career development under the guidance of an experienced mentor. This FOA is designed specifically for applicants proposing research that does not involve leading an independent clinical trial, a clinical trial feasibility study, or an ancillary study to a clinical trial. Applicants to this FOA are permitted to propose research experience in a clinical trial led by a mentor or co-mentor. Applicants proposing a clinical trial or an ancillary study to an ongoing clinical trial as lead investigator, should apply to the companion FOA.